Buddhism Buddhism And Buddhism - 1009 Words

Zen Buddhism isn’t exactly a â€Å"religion†, but a way of living. It creates peace within the human mind that allows one to grow, develop and look at the world more positively. Originating in China in 650 C.E., Zen Buddhism is a combination between Indian Mahayana Buddhism and Taoism. Mahayana Buddhism promotes bodhisattva, which is practicing the way of life in the direction of Buddha. Taoism is a religion developed by Lao-tzu, a Taoist philosopher, and focuses on obtaining long life and good fortune. It was brought to China by an Indian monk named Bodhidharma. Eventually, Zen Buddhism began to spread to Japan in the twelfth century CE and Korea in the seventh century CE, and it eventually became very influential and popular in western society around the mid-twentieth century. Buddhists that practice Zen Buddhism believe that Zen is the way that Buddha attained enlightenment. Enlightenment for Buddhism is a spiritual state where there is no desire or suffering. This leads to the teachings of The Four Noble Truths. The Truths are teachings of Shakyamuni Buddha gave in Sarnath after attaining enlightenment. The first Truth is the truth of dukkha and that it is inevitable in life. Dukkha is any kind of unhappiness or suffering and all human experience is temporary. They believe that suffering is a result of extreme desire and attachment. The second Truth states that dukkha is caused by cravings and that unhappiness results in humans wanting to make their biases andShow MoreRelatedBuddhism, Buddhism And Buddhism1371 Words   |  6 PagesBuddhism is one of the largest religions in the world that started in India. Later spreading to China,Burma,Japan , Tibet and other parts of southeast Asia. Buddhism is a religion that Is concentrated on spiritualism than religious teachings. Established by the buddha, one must obtain their own spiritual awakening, or nirvana through meditation. There are three main branches of Buddhism Theravada Buddhism , Mahayana Buddhism and Tantric Buddhism. About 2,500 years ago, Prince SiddharthaRead MoreBuddhism : Buddhism And Buddhism982 Words   |  4 PagesBuddhism is a philosophy that is often viewed as a religion and dates back to approximately 6th century B.C.E. Buddhism originated in the Indian subcontinent by a man known as Siddhartha Gautama. The original language of Buddhism is often debated as some scholars believe that it was first practiced in Pali while other believe it was first spoken in Sanskrit. The practice of Buddhism first spread to China in the 2nd century A.C.E and was translated to Mandarin in 3rd century A.C.E. Today, there areRead MoreRelics Of Buddhism And Buddhism847 Words   |  4 PagesRelics are thought to be present in Buddhism since the 5th Century B.C.E, when the original Buddha, Siddhartha Gautama, was said to have lived, and Buddhism itself was a new religion. They continue today as sacred objects of worship. Relics that are as old as Buddhism itself are said to exist and still be wo rshipped. Although the idea of relics may seem contradictory to many of Buddhist beliefs, they actually do resonate with many ideals of Buddhist teachings and practices. To see whether relicsRead MoreBuddhism : The Philosophy Of Buddhism1198 Words   |  5 Pagesnever be one true answer. The theory I mostly identify with is the philosophy of Buddhism, its teachings, and the importance of meditation. Some people would argue that Buddhism is a religion not a philosophy, and vice versa, but nonetheless the Buddha has an idea of self in our current life. Buddhism teaches us that life is, and full of suffering and that nothing in life is eternal. The ultimate goal of Buddhism is Nirvana, which means liberation from the constant cycle of life and death, andRead MoreThe Teachings Of Buddhism And Buddhism939 Words   |  4 Pagesfamous religion icon of all time the Buddhism. Many people became followers of this very wise man we know as the Buddha. Buddhism is based on the teaching of Siddhartha Gautama, Buddha, who was born in the Ganges River Valley, the foot of the Himalayas. The Buddha led people in meditation and enlightenment to the next level. Philosophers such as Santideva and Thich Nhat Hanh, have led the life to follow the Buddhism ways and live their day to day life off of it. Buddhism gave them the enlightenment toRead MoreBuddhism, Buddhism And The World Essay1999 Words   |  8 PagesBuddhism is the fourth largest religion in the world, with more than 5 million believers in the world. Buddhism is a kind of religion and law that contains various traditions, beliefs, and spiritual practices. Buddhism from India, between the sixth and fourth centuries BC, and gradually spread to Asia. Although Buddhism originated in India, China has many believers in the dissemination and contribution. Chinese Buddhism began in the Han Dynasty and became the most powerful in the Tang Dynasty. WithRead MoreThe Religion Of Buddhism And Buddhism1730 Words   |  7 Pageslife. The religion of Buddhism is one of these that had this effect when it began to spread from India where it originated, to many Asian countries especially China where it would have the biggest impact. In China, Buddhism would take root and would grow to become a popular religion in the country much like the other major religions of China, Confucianism and Taoism, which together with Buddhism would la ter be known as the â€Å"Three Teachings†. Additionally, at some point Buddhism would began to loseRead MoreReligion Of Buddhism : Buddhism963 Words   |  4 Pagesinterested in the religion of Buddhism. After I watched Oprah Winfrey’s television series, Belief Buddhism has become something I wished to look into on a deeper level. Therefore, On October 9, 2016, I visited Wesleyan college East Asian studies facilities to participate in their Sunday meeting of Practice and Talk. During this hour and a half meeting, individuals who are exploring Buddhism will learn the surface practice of Buddhism more specifically shin Buddhism. Shin Buddhism or the teachings of ShinranRead MoreBuddhism : The Popularity Of Buddhism1306 Words   |  6 PagesBuddhism Culture in China Instructor Dr. Jack Name: Zhoudongxue Zhang Student #: 100311725 Date: 26/11/2015 The Popularity of Buddhism in China Buddhism is one of the most popular religions in the world. The Pew Research Center reports that nearly 488 million people practice Buddhism, which represents 7% to 8% of the world’s entire population. Buddhism is mainly practiced in the Asia-Pacific region with approximately 481,290,000 Buddhists, which means 99% of Buddhists live in Asia-PacificRead MoreBuddhism And Their Beliefs Of Buddhism1518 Words   |  7 PagesBuddhism and their beliefs Buddhism is the largest religioncultural influence in its own way. Buddhism is becoming popular and well known in the western parts of the world. Hinduism and Buddhism share the same teaching of karma.They both teach about the cause and effect that karma leaves on one’s life. Buddhism’s main goal is to find enlightment. Siddhartha Gautama is the founder of Buddhism. He was born around 600 B.C. to a powerful family in India. He had a comfortable homewith very little experience

Definition of Mass Media - 1699 Words

The Mass Media Defining the Mass Media Defining the Mass Media The focus of this opening section is an examination of different explanations of the relationship between ownership and control of the mass media and, in order to do this, we need to begin by thinking about how the mass media can be defined. Breaking down the concept of a ‘mass media’ into its constituent parts... A medium is a ‘channel of communication’ - a means through which people send and receive information. The printed word, for example, is a medium; when we read a newspaper or magazine, something is communicated to us in some way. Similarly, electronic forms of communication television, telephones, film and such like - are media (the plural of medium). Mass, as you†¦show more content†¦In recent times, for example, weve seen the development of forms of communication (such as mobile phones and email) that don’t fit easily (if at all) into traditional definitions, mainly because they have the capacity to be both: †¢ interpersonal (‘one-to-one’) communication and †¢ mass (‘one-to-many’) communication. 2 In defining the mass media, therefore, weve encountered a problem that, as recently as 25 years ago, wouldn’t have been a problem; namely, the development of computer networks. Depending on how its used, for example, email can involve exchanging interpersonal messages with friends and family (‘Hi, how are you?’) or sending one message to many thousands, if not millions, of people; customers of on-line retailers, such as Amazon for example, can request email notification of special offers and so forth. Unrequested mass emailing (or spam) also comes into this category. Although peer-to-peer networks involve communication between large numbers of people, a not insignificant feature of these networks is that they reverse the accepted wisdom about a mass medium in the sense that they represent many-to-one communication; large numbers of people effectively cooperate to deliver a The ability to link computer technology (to create something like the Internet or mobile phone networks) has message (such as a song) to an individual (who, in turn,Show MoreRelatedMidterm Review Essay963 Words   |  4 PagesMComm100†©Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ¢â‚¬ ©Mass†©Communication†©in†©Society†© Midterm†©Review†©Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ¢â‚¬ ©12th†©Ed†© (Chapters†©1†©Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ¢â‚¬ ©9)†© †© Understand†©the†©definition†©of†©Ã¢â‚¬Ëœencoding’†© What†©is†©Ã¢â‚¬Ëœnegative†©feedback’?†© Characteristics†©of†©a†©mass†©communication†©audience†© What†©is†©a†©Ã¢â‚¬Ëœmedia†©vehicle’?†© Characteristics†©of†©mass†©communication†©organizations†© What†©vehicles†©have†©increased†©the†©mobility†©of†©the†©mass†©media?†© Trust†©in†©the†©media†©is†©considered†©what?†© Definition†©of†©Ã¢â‚¬Ëœsurveilance’†©Ã¢â‚¬ ©with†©regard†©to†©individual†©media†©use†© Consequences†©of†©relying†©on†©mass†©media†©for†©interpretation†© Read MoreThe Effects Of Mass Media On American Culture951 Words   |  4 PagesEffects of Mass Media Introduction Why is mass media influencing the American culture? This is what we are going to be discussing in this essay. It’s important that we understand where the media has come from and where it is now and the journey that it is taking the American culture in the last century. America has now explored what un-traditional media and it has a major impact on the culture called new media. What were the major developments in the evolution of mass media during theRead MoreMass Shooting Essay980 Words   |  4 Pagesover 1,500 ‘mass shootings’ within the United States since the Sandy Hook school shooting in Newtown, CT (Schapiro, 2017). Media headlines on mass shootings tend to utilise higher numbers when it comes to how many are committed each year, mainly when it is about those committed in the United States. The lack of an official government standard on what should be considered a mass shooting has led to much confusion as to just how many there actually are. This paper will look at how the media uses thisRead MoreAnalysis Of News And Social Media Effects On Society And Individuals Essay1711 Words   |  7 PagesI. Title of Paper - Analysis of news and social media effects on society and individuals. II. Introduction – a. Utilizing Sociological and Psychological literature, this paper will conduct a critical analysis of mass media and more specifically social media and the effects/persuasions it has on society and individuals. As this is fairly a debatable topic I will provide arguments focusing on the negative aspects of television and social media as well as some positives. b. My thesis sentence (orRead MoreThe Between Media And Body Image1348 Words   |  6 Pagesconstructed by the society and by the media. But women are affected that kind of construction. Mass media give narrow definition about the standard of beauty. Delis noticed this massage everywhere, especially in the media, â€Å"I am so affected by Glamour magazine and Vogue and all that; I’m looking at all these beautiful women. They’re thin. I want to be just as beautiful. I want to be just as thin. Because that is what guys like† (Hesse-Biber, Sharlene Nagy 12). The media representation of the thin idealRead MoreImpact of Media on the People of Pakistan1347 Words   |  6 Pages20th Century, mass media could be classified into eight mass media industries: books, newspapers, magazines, recordings, radio, movies, television and the internet. With the explosion of digital communication technology in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, the question of what forms of media should be classified as mass media has become more prominent. For example, it is controversial whether to include cell phones, video games and computer games (such as MMORPGs) in the d efinition. In the 2000sRead MoreThe And Dissemination Of Cultural Values, Ideologies, And Hierarchies832 Words   |  4 Pagesthe influence of industrialized media, the concept of shifting contexts, and a reference an attempt to identify the â€Å"word-concept† of â€Å"the people†. Like the construction, the dissemination of cultural values has a historiography filled with competing ideologies on semantics and time frames, but there is one important disseminator of cultural values that nearly every historian, theorist, and critic agrees is primarily essential: the media. Interpreted broadly, media refers to any host of disseminationRead MoreThe Issues Behind The Criminal Justice System913 Words   |  4 Pagesconsuming any form of mass media. Some of the outlets include newspapers, tv, and sites used for communication. Even Though time has passed, the issues behind the criminal justice system are still being manipulated. One of the biggest issues being faced, concer ns the desensitization of the community towards violent crimes such as serial killings. With this issue in mind, one question rises: how will media affect the the process of catching violent criminals in the future? Instead of media focusing on waysRead MorePsychological Comfort in Don Delillo ´s White Noise Essay911 Words   |  4 PagesWhite noise, the fear of death is emphasized and given a new definition that fits into this lopsided modern society, which is overwhelmed by all kinds of information from mass media. People unconsciously dedicate more onto the stories that media made up for them, distracting the awareness of death by focusing on the mass media culture that as a ramification from this modern society. Eventually, people are swamped by those plots of mass media for getting away from something that are ironically weakenRead MoreHow Far Do The Media Influence Your Own Sense Of Personal Identity And Self Definition?1306 Words   |  6 PagesHow far do the media influe nce our opinions and contribute to our own sense of personal identity and self-definition? Introduction Everyday our minds get filled with new information, images and sounds. Enormous amounts of information streams give us certain idea of the world we live in. Of course media consumption is personal and sometimes very selective for each individual. Even though we cannot build a wall between us and information that is spreading all over the world. What is really interesting

Essay Corruption - the Cancer of Souls free essay sample

ThoughtCorruption – Its not only in India that we are seeing this, but well developed countries like USA are primes examples of corruption. And this can very well be seen in Micheal Moore’s documentaryFahrenheit 9/11 . Anyway, the point is that corruption has become a part of parcel of our lives, but it shouldn’t be that way. Maybe people now lack moral values What ever it is, I think we people have to change this because there are other major problems that we human being have to see than corruption. Anyway†¦ While coming back from my College in the bus, I was noticing the bus conductor while he was busy collecting money from people. And I was wondering, is he really satisfied with the current status of his life ? Isn’t he ambitious? Or does he or doesn’t he wish to live in a mansion with people around him saluting and nothing much to worry about except just enjoy life and party hard. We will write a custom essay sample on Essay: Corruption the Cancer of Souls or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page And then it struck me.. Our whole education is ambition-orientated. Our whole society is ambitious. Ambitious to do big, to become the president, prime minister or the next TATA/Ambani/Birla. But not everyone in the society can become one, can they? Think about it! But since only one person can be a president, a mad race begins. A race to power, money, status and MOAR – Every mean – and that when corruption rolls in. The mind of an ambition man is bound to be corrupt. Osho Says – The Indian Govt. should run by merit. Basically the majority party should find highly qualified and experienced specialists and experts in different fields of government – like education, health, finance and rest — and form the council of ministers with them. And this is very true. Democracy is not the highest goal. Its better than dictatorial regimes and even better than monarchies, but is it the end of the journey? I think not. Because in class 10 in civic lecture we were taught, democracy basically means govt by the people, of the people, for the people, but – THE PEOPLE ARE RETARDED. Imagine if Indian is ameritocracy instead of democracy ? People are being appointed on the basis of skill and talent but not power, money or politics. But if thats the solution for eradication of corruption then why not experiment with it ? All intelligent people were, simply not interested in politics or power. Their whole interest was to decide what is true, what is the meaning of life. Why are we here? Nations should disappear, with them almost 90 percent of problems will disappear. And the remaining 10 percent can be managed to disappear. Humanity Can live as beautiful as birds are living. Lets take a very simple example and analyze the situation. An exam scenario. You see a fellow colleague cheating in the exam, and you wonder, what the hell is he upto? You think for a second and say to yourself that, if he is using such means to get marks, why can’t I. And the fellow guy starts cheating as well. He gets caught or not is another issue, but its the thinking and approach towards the fellow colleague which actually reflects on the person’s character. (ambitious to come first) If you see that someone else is using corrupt means you know that if you don’t use them you will be left behind as well. Now, how does this type of thinking come or incarnate from? If you look to the very roots of the society you will see that corruption is a natural outgrowth of our conditions, our education, our cultivation. The complexity of our society is such that those who succeed can hide corruption. Success will hide everything and no one will know that you are corrupt. This has actually been true throughout the history. And one fine example right in front of you is Alexander the Great. A person is a thief if he is a small thief. If he is a great thief he become Alexander the Great. Osho Says : Corruption is something manufactured by man. The child is born absolutely innocent, there is no seed of corruption in him. The corruption is created by the society for its own purposes. It does not want innocent people around because there is nothing more dangerous, more rebellious, than innocence. When I am in my deep thoughts, I usually don’t wonder about becoming a prime minister or power, but about my existence and the reason for my place on the holy earth which by us has become a sewage of garbage and a gutter of non-being. It takes time to connect the dots, I know that. But I also know that there can be a day of reckoning when you wish you had connected the dots more quickly.

She Walks In Beauty Essays - Lord Byron, Missolonghi, Philhellenes

"She Walks in Beauty" George Gordon Noel Byron's poem titled, "She Walks in Beauty," plainly put, is a love poem about a beautiful woman and all of her features. The poem follows a basic iambic tetrameter with an unaccented syllable followed by an accented syllable that allows for a rhythm to be set by the reader and can be clearly seen when one looks at a line: She walks / in beau / ty like / the night. T.S. Eliot, an American poet criticizes Byron's work by stating the poem, "needs to be read very rapidly because if one slows down the poetry vanishes and the rhyme is forced" (Eliot 224). With this rhythm the reader can, however, look deeper into the contents of Byron's poem and discover a battle of two forces. The two forces involved in Byron's poem are the darkness and light- at work in the woman's beauty, and also the two areas of her beauty-the internal and the external. The poem appears to be about a lover, but in fact was written about "Byron's cousin, Anne Wilmot, whom he met at a party in a mourning dress of spangled black" (Leung 312). This fact, the black dress that was brightened with spangles, helps the reader to understand the origin of the poem. Byron portrays this, the mixing of the darkness and the light, not by describing the dress or the woman's actions, but by describing her physical beauty as well as her interior strengths. In the beginning of the poem, the reade r is given the image of darkness: "She walks in beauty, like the night," but then the line continues explaining that the night is cloudless and the stars are bright. So immediately the poem brings together its two opposing forces that are at work, darkness and light. In lines three and four Byron emphasizes that the unique feature of the woman is her ability to contain opposites within her; "the nest of dark and bright/meet" in her. The joining together of the darkness and the light can be seen in her "aspect," or appearance, but also in her "eyes." In this case, "the woman's eyes aren't to be associated with a physical feature, but more as an internal aspect of her: the eyes reveal her heart"(Martin 24). L.C. Martin, from the University of Nottingham, also writes that Byron, "emphasizes the unique feature of this woman to contain opposites within her,"(24) therefore agreeing with the concept that not only is there a struggle between the darkness and the light, but also within the woman. Beginning with line five, the word "meet" is emphasized again as she creates a "tender light," not the gaudiness of daytime, but a gentler light that even "heaven" does not bestow an the day. The night can be thought of in terms of irrationality and the day in terms or reason and neither day nor night is pleasing, only the meeting of the two extremes in this woman. In the second stanza, once again, the opposites are combined. "Shade" or darkness is combined with "day" or light, and "raven tress" or dark hair is linked with a lightened face. If the woman contained with in her and in her appearance either a little bit more of darkness or a little bit more of light, she would be "half impaired." A key word in this section is "grace." Although Byron continuously talks about appearances, in actuality he is referring to the "nameless grace" that is in her hair and face. Once again, it is something internal as well as external that is so attractive about this woman. Although this poem begins with the image of a woman walking, there are no images given by Byron of her legs or arms or feet; this is a head poem, confined to hair, eyes, face, cheeks, and brows. The conclusion to the second stanza contains insight into "the dwelling place" of the woman's thoughts, creating an insight into her mind by using alliteration. The repetition of the "s" sounds is soothing in the phrase "serenely sweet express," because "Byron is referring to her thoughts, and her thoughts are serene and pure"(25). In the third and final stanza, Byron concludes the poem

Incite, Incentive, Incent, Incentivize

Incite, Incentive, Incent, Incentivize Incite, Incentive, Incent, Incentivize Incite, Incentive, Incent, Incentivize By Maeve Maddox The first two words in the title, incite and incentive, have been in the language a long time: incite (1483) verb: to urge or spur on incentive (1475) noun: something that arouses feeling or incites to action. The verbs incent and incentivize are later arrivals that currently offend the sensibilities of many speakers: Some neologisms deserve to be throttled, wrapped up in black plastic, and dropped into the deepest crevices of the  Marianas Trench as soon as they are created. Two such words are  incent  and  incentivize. –Writing, Clear and Simple (2007) Does it bug you when you hear a word that’s not really a word–Take this example: incent. I hear this all the time, especially in business. As in, â€Å"What can we do to incent our staff to work harder?† –Edit This Blog (2011) You receive incentives to incentivize you. What do you get when youre incented? Incents? Incention?–Commenter reacting to another reader’s defense of incent. The verb incent, a backformation of the noun incentive, has an OED entry that documents the forms incented and incenting, but none for plain incent. The earliest citation is from 1844: â€Å"Incented by the stupid ambition of an ignorant mother, she thought that the purse of the one was far superior to the heart of the other.† The most recent (1997) identifies incent as not quite standard by enclosing it in quotations: â€Å"Workers need to be ‘incented’ with bonuses, stock options, and dispersed decision-making.† The verb incentivize first appears on the Ngram Viewer in the late 1950s, but doesn’t make much of a showing until the 1980s, when it begins to soar. Since then it has become a staple of business vocabulary. How can health plans incentivize members to take care of their health? Use objective measures to incentivize midlevel providers for increased productivity. FDA outlines plan to incentivize high-quality manufacturing. All of the words in this group derive from Latin incendÄ•re, â€Å"to kindle, set on fire.† An incentive is something that provokes a person to action. â€Å"Incentive pay† is documented from 1943. The noun incentive in the sense of payment to encourage a worker dates from 1948. Some readers object to both incent and incentivize, preferring the phrase â€Å"offer incentives to,† or the verb motivate. Others reject incent, but accept incentivize, arguing that motivate does not have quite the same meaning: There really is a difference between incentives and motivation. What an incentive is â€Å"I am going to pay you to want what I want.† And as long as you pay people to want what you want they do it. The minute you stop paying them to want what you want, they stop. And they are not motivated to do anything. They were just incentivized to do just that. –Clayton Christensen, BBC InBiz podcast, September 6, 2012. Regardless of one’s aversion to the sound of incentivize, railing against it is futile. When a new word is perceived as filling a gap, it will prevail. Incentivize is here to stay, right along with amortize, alphabetize, anesthetize, burglarize, commercialize and all the other -ize verbs we may or may not find pleasing to the ear. Incent, on the other hand, is supremely expendable. For one thing, it is used with the same meaning as incentivize. For another, the sound is so close to incite and incense as to invite misunderstanding. Incite can be used with a neutral meaning, for example, â€Å"to incite interest,† but is usually used in the context of stirring up trouble, as in â€Å"to incite violence.† The verb incense (accent on the second syllable) means, â€Å"to provoke to anger,† as in â€Å"Failure to abide by these requirements could incense an already emotional worker and trigger unnecessary and irksome litigation.† An inattentive listener might misunderstand the motives of an employer who wants â€Å"to incent his workers.† At present, incite isn’t so much as a speck on the Ngram Viewer so it may not be too difficult to ignore it into oblivion. As for incentivize, speakers who can’t bear to utter the word have options: prompt drive motivate inspire stimulate influence encourage offer incentives bribe Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:16 Substitutes for â€Å"Because† or â€Å"Because Of†List of Greek Words in the English Language50 Synonyms for "Song"

Daughter Chromosome

Daughter Chromosome Definition: A daughter chromosome is a chromosome that results from the separation of sister chromatids during cell division. Daughter chromosomes originate from a single stranded chromosome that replicates during the synthesis phase (S phase) of the cell cycle. The duplicated chromosome becomes a double-stranded chromosome and each strand is called a chromatid. Paired chromatids are held together at a region of the chromosome called the centromere. The paired chromatids or sister chromatids eventually separate and become known as daughter chromosomes. At the end of mitosis, daughter chromosomes are properly distributed between two daughter cells. Daughter Chromosome: Mitosis Prior to the start of mitosis, a dividing cell goes through a period of growth called interphase in which it increases in mass and synthesizes DNA and organelles. Chromosomes are replicated and sister chromatids are formed. Prophase - sister chromatids begin migrating to the center of the cell. Metaphase - sister chromatids align along the metaphase plate. Anaphase - spindle fibers separate sister chromatids by pulling them centromere first toward opposite ends of the cell. Once separated, each chromatid becomes known as a daughter chromosome. Telophase - daughter chromosomes are separated into distinct new nuclei. After cytokinesis, two distinct daughter cells are formed from a single cell. Daughter chromosomes are equally distributed between the two daughter cells. Daughter Chromosome: Meiosis Daughter chromosome development in meiosis is similar to mitosis. In meiosis however, the cell divides twice producing four daughter cells. Sister chromatids do not separate to form daughter chromosomes until the second time through anaphase or in anaphase II. The cells produced in meiosis contain half the number of chromosomes as the original cell. Sex cells are produced in this manner. These cells are haploid and upon fertilization are united to form a diploid cell.

Detroit Economic Bailout Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Detroit Economic Bailout - Essay Example Microeconomics has been described as the scientific field focusing on the ‘behavior of individual households and markets’ (Saunders and Gilliard 18); emphasis is given on ‘the criteria used for defining the level of prices and for allocating resources’ (Saunders and Gilliard 18). Microeconomic variables have a critical characteristic: they refer to economy as related to the level of households and not to the level of a region (Dow and Hillard 6). At the level of households the performance of economy can be evaluated through variables such as consumer spending, prices and wages (Dow and Hillard 7). These variables will be used below in order to justify the potential positive effects of bailout on the daily life of people in Detroit. Certain microeconomic concepts will be also used, as appropriate, for making clear the relationship between economic decisions and economic performance at household’s level. The decision of Detroit’s governors to ask for a Federal bailout has faced strong criticism. The success of a similar plan used for the city’s two major auto companies, Chrysler and General Motors (Maynard 2013) is often used for justifying the necessity of Detroit’s bailout. ... At a first level, an aid of $300m has been decided to be granted to Detroit (Isidore 2013). This sum of money will not be used for paying part of the city’s debt, which is estimated to $18-$20 billion (Isidore 2013, Proctor 2012); about $150m of the total aid to Detroit will be given as a program for ‘refurbishing/ cleaning abandoned properties’ (Isidore 2013) and about $140m for the improvement of the city’s transportation system (Isidore 2013). Other programs referring to indirect benefits for the city, such as the hiring of public servants, have been also approved aiming to help the city to recover (Isidore 2013). So far, the Congress has been opposed to the provision of financial aid to Detroit on the basis that such claims could be set by other cities (National Report 2013). President Obama has decided to bypass Congress and proceed to the financial support of Detroit so that the expansion of the crisis is controlled (National Report 2013). The value o f the bailout of Detroit can be understood by presenting the statistics related to the city’s economic performance at household level. In 2009 the average household income in Detroit has been declined by a percentage of about 92% compared to 2000 (Figure 1). Detroit, Michigan: -92.2% Michigan: -98.8% Figure 1 - Median Household income in Detroit and in Michigan in general, from 2000 to 2009 (Source: City Data) The scheme for the bailout of Detroit could enhance the city’s average household income in the following way: by increasing the public servants working across the city households across Detroit could be given an important financial relief, a fact that would lead to the

Endangered language.-----sermo vulgaris Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Endangered language.-----sermo vulgaris - Essay Example The language was mostly spoken at home or in social gatherings where people had the freedom to talk without following certain rules as it was with the classical Latin. Language spoken and not written was highly diluted by other languages and could not be easily traced. The original composition of the language is not concrete because its earlier existence was not recorded. Sermo Vulgaris spread to various parts of the world but mostly to areas that traded with the Roman Empire. Because of the trade relations that existed among nations that traded with the Romans, they had to integrate Sermo Vulgaris in their languages for them to effectively trade with the Empire. The empire also took many nations captive and they were forced to learn their language for them to communicate effectively. Political interactions and positions in various areas that were close to the empire also influenced the spread of the language (Nancy & Thomas, 1983). Social interactions among the normal people in the Roman Empire and other commoners in other communities also influenced the growth of the language. It was further widely spread to other countries because of their integration with other cultures and social groups. The Romans who spoke Sermo Vulgaris played a great role in the diversification of the language. However, despite its massive growth, there came a time when the language started diminishing from its people. The language slowly degraded because of several factors. The changes made by the soldiers of the Roman Empire played a part in the extinction of Sermo Vulgaris. When the Roman Empire interacted with people of other nations, Sermo Vulgaris became a weak language. The correlation between Sermo Vulgaris and other languages led to the dissolving of the language leading to its slow and lingering death. Since the language was not written down, its survival depended on

Client Paper Essay Example for Free

Client Paper Essay Human service professionals, or helpers, will likely work with many different clients, each with their own set of problems. These problems can range from physical abuse and neglect, aging issues including death and dying, and a number of other issues concerning the basic needs of life. Problems can also encompass the many different situations people find themselves in either as a result of life choices or out of no fault of their own. These problems may include homelessness, combat veteran issues, and mental illness. Whatever the problem or problems are, it is the responsibility of the helper to use a wide range of skills to assess client needs, create a treatment plan, and offer resources and emotional support to the client as they accomplish the goals included in the treatment plan. These skills include communication, empathy, compassion, patience, analytical skills, and teamwork. A range of problems faces human services clients â€Å"Problems for clients are rarely single issues, and the human service professional should approach each client with the expectation of more than one problem.† (Woodside McClam, 2011, p. 131) Every problem that a client presents with cannot be predicted. In fact, client problems encompass a wide range of needs and circumstances. For example, a client who is struggling with domestic violence may also have a need for mental health support. A client with mental health issues may also be experiencing a lack of food, clothing or shelter. The problems facing clients are very broad and it is helpful to better understand them. Problems facing children and families include physical and sexual abuse, poverty, lack of a healthy home, or little education. Children are especially vulnerable as they cannot provide for themselves. Although â€Å"[t]he best place to serve kids is in their home and with a family,† there may be a necessity for placement in foster care or, in some ca ses, adoption (Moffat, 2011, p. 5). The elderly also face  unique problems such as lack of mobility, losing their independence, and end of life issues. When the elderly can no longer care for themselves, finding in-home care or placement in assisted living or nursing home facilities becomes the focus. In addition, the elderly may struggle with some of the basic needs of life such as food, shelter and clothing. Immigrants, veterans, and people with disabilities face other problems in the human service field. Immigrants struggle with adapting to a new culture in a new country as well as learning a new language. Immigrants may have problems with finding employment, housing, and legal help, as well. Veterans need assistance with adjusting to civilian life including adjusting their skill sets to match employment opportunities. Combat veterans especially struggle with physical and mental disabilities and are in need of appropriate services for rehabilitation. Disabled people face challenges in personal care as well as employment, including issues with rehabilitation and adapting to their disabilities. The need for residential or group care facilities may also be at issue for the disabled community. Problems with substance abuse and addiction, mental illness, and clients with criminal records also exist. Many of these problems co-exist in a client’s life and need to be addressed as a whole. â€Å". . . the client is an individual comprised of psychological, social, economic, educational, vocational, and spiritual dimensions and possibly will have needs in many of those areas.† (Woodside McClam, 2011, p. 132) Specific helping skills can be used with clients Essential to the helping process is knowledge and practice of professional and interpersonal skills that help the human service professional in effectively addressing the needs of clients. These skills include communication, empathy, compassion, patience, analytical skills, and teamwork. Chief among these are interpersonal and communication skills, because more workers deal directly with a variety of people† (Moffat, 2011, p.9). The work of human service professionals centers on building relationships of trust with the client. It is the responsibility of the helper to facilitate effective communication. Listening is vital to the process. In order to fully grasp the client situation, the helper needs to observe both the verbal and nonverbal messages. Listening involves paying  attention to both words and actions as they go hand in hand in understanding the total message being given. G.E. Egan introduced the SOLER concept for responsive listening. Learning this concept can be v ery useful to the human service professional (Egan, 2010). Details of the SOLER concept are illustrated in the following table: S Face client Squarely O Adopt an Open posture L Lean toward the person E Maintain good Eye contact R Try to be relatively Relaxed In addition to the SOLER method, paying attention to vocal tone and speech rate, and verbal tracking of the client’s message will exhibit attending behavior and help the communication process (Ivey, Ivey Zalaquette, 2009). The helper can encourage the client to discuss their issues openly by not changing the subject they have chosen. Effective listening shows compassion for the client and creates an opportunity to show empathy and patience, additional skills that are essential to the success of the human service field. Clients in the human service field come from a variety of situations. Their values and belief systems vary widely as much as their problems do. In order to effectively help people, helpers need to develop acceptance and understanding of these differences. Unconditional acceptance of the client is essential to the success of treatment. Helpers need to see the situation and experience feelings from the perspective of their client. Patience is necessary for the he lping process as there are likely to be setbacks or resistance to the treatment plan. Helpers should learn to adapt their approach as the situation changes; which leads to the skill of critical thinking. â€Å"The ability to think creatively helps workers determine ways to get around hurdles that interfere with clients’ efforts to succeed† (Moffat, 2011, p.10). Throughout the helping process, a variety of changes is bound  to occur. Whether these are positive or negative changes, client and human service professional must work together to deal with them and continue to move forward with the assistance process. Using analytical and problem-solving skills, helpers can overcome the roadblocks to treatment and continuously work towards solutions. Treatment often involves networking with a number of other professionals and utilizing a variety of resources. Being able to work well as a team is another essential skill for human service professionals. Psychologists, Social Workers, Mental Health Facilitators and Counselors are all participants in the work of h uman services. Using communication, empathy, compassion, patience, analytical skills, and teamwork, the helper can effectively recognize and define the variety of client problems that exist and work with them towards accomplishing the goal of the helping process, which is to encourage responsibility and promote self-help. References Egan, G.E. (2010). The skilled Helper: A problem management and opportunity development approach to helping (9th ed.). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole Ivey, A. E., Ivey, M. B., Zalaquett, C. P. (2009). Intentional interviewing and counseling: Facilitating client development in a multicultural society (7th ed.). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole Moffat, C. (2011). Helping those in need: Human service workers. Occupational Outlook Quarterly, 55(3), 22-32. Woodside, M., McClam, T. (2011). An introduction to human services (7th ed.). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole, Cengage.

Abortion Essay -- Research Papers Aborting Essays Pregnancy

Abortion Women may have an abortion for a variety of reasons, but in general they choose abortion because a pregnancy at that time is in some way wrong for them. â€Å"Abortion is the removal of a fetus from the uterus before it is mature enough to live on its own† (Kuechler 1996). When this happens spontaneously we call it a miscarriage. Induced abortion is brought about deliberately by a medical procedure that ends pregnancy. Legal abortion, carried out by trained medical practitioners, is one of the most common and safest surgical procedures. â€Å"About 1.5 million American women choose to have induced abortions each year. Less than 1% of all abortion patients experience a major complication associated with the procedure† (Kuechler 1996). A medical abortion is one that is brought about by taking medications that will end a pregnancy. The alternative is surgical abortion, which ends a pregnancy by emptying the uterus or womb with special instruments. â€Å"A medical abortion is usually done without entering the uterus† (Nathanson 14). Either of two medications, methotrexate or mifepristone, can be used for medical abortion. â€Å"In September 2000, the Food and Drug Administration approved mifepristone for use in the U.S.†(Nathanson 16). Each of these medications is taken together with another medication, misoprostol, to induce an abortion. Before any abortion can be done, a medical professional must confirm that a woman is indeed pregnant and determine exactly how long she has been pregnant. The length of a pregnancy is usually measured by the number of days that have passed since the first day of the woman's last menstrual period. Medical abortions can be performed as early as a pregnancy can be confirm ed. In fact, â€Å"the shorter the time... ... J. & Weldon, J. (1999). When does life begin and 39 other tough questions about abortion. Tennessee:Wolgemuth & Hyatt Blackmun, J. Brennan, D., & Marshall, S. Roe vs Wade. Original matter copyright 1996,1997,1998,1999,2000 by the Abortion Law Homepage. Kuechler, A. (1996). Abortion statistics. Morbidity and Morality Weekly Report, 43(50) 19-32 Retreived April 20, 2004 from Center for Disease Control & Prevention database. Nathanson, B. & Ostling, R. (1999). Aborting America. New York:Pinnacle. Robinson, B. (1998, July). Parental consent/notification for teen abortions:pro and con. Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance. 14(7) 12-17. Retrieved April 18, 2004 from EBSCO database. Robinson, B. (2002, October). Why do women seek to have an abortion? Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance. 18(4) 4-9. Retrieved April 18, 2004 from EBSCO database.

Goals of Social Studies Essay

Overview The term â€Å"social studies† usually designates the introductory and intermediate level of social science education at the elementary and secondary school levels. However, it also encompasses a good amount of specialized knowledge drawn from fields of study that are usually found in post-secondary instruction, such as economics, political science, sociology and anthropology. The goals of a social studies education are to instill students with an intimate knowledge of their history, cultural values and civic responsibilities. Social Competency and Literacy One of the most basic goals of a social studies education is to promote social competency and literacy. It is important that students living in advanced industrial societies understand how those societies function. Students should be highly literate, because their ability to maneuver through society often depends upon it. The social sciences often require a large amount of reading and writing in their curriculum, the content of which is usually designed to give students an idea of how their society is structured. These two goals provide students with a certain amount of social mobility. Online Management Courses ucpmarjononline.co.uk/Management Boost Your Career Prospects w/ Our Online BA and MBA in Management! Ads by Google Social Knowledge Another goal of social science education is to introduce students to the values of their own native society. In the U.S., this means students are taught democratic principles, our particular style of government and the history behind both. While students are often urged to commit to these principles, ideally they are introduced in such a way that they do not have to personally adopt them, but merely understand them to effectively function within their society. Critical Thinking and Analysis Critical thinking and analytical skills are fostered as tools for  understanding and evaluating the values and institutions that make up the students’ society. These skills also are developed as valuable assets in their own right, because they are easily transferable to other areas of study and have private and professional applications in the real world. Comparative Society Another important objective in social science education is to instill in students an understanding and tolerance of the social values, norms and practices of other cultures and foreign societies. This is usually achieved through the study of world history. Students should be able to understand that the majority of social norms and cultural differences are relative, and they should learn to treat such differences with tolerance and respect. Civic Efficacy Perhaps the most important goal of a social studies education is to help students develop a sense of their roles and responsibilities as citizens. Students are taught the importance of making well-informed decisions and how to work within the channels of civic action available to them. In the U.S., for example, this means teaching students the gravity of the democratic process and urging them to take part by exercising their constitutional rights, voting and expressing dissent.

Plaw 210 Memorandum of Law Essay

You asked me to answer the question, â€Å"Are the Virginia courts likely to follow the unconscionability doctrine as set out and applied in Jones v. Star Credit Corp.†, based on the opinion and rulings of previous similar cases. SHORT ANSWER The Virginia courts are highly likely to follow the unconscionability doctrine that has been set out and applied in Jones v. Star Credit Corp. The Jones purchased a freezer unit from Star Credit Corp for $900, three times the retail value of the unit. In this case, the court held that the contract between parties was unconscionable because it violated [HN2] U.C.C.  § 2-302 (1964), which is set in place to prevent the oppression and unfair surprise of the consumer. Jones v. Star Credit Corp., 298 N.Y.S.2d 1 (Sup. Ct. 1969) The U.C.C.  § 2-302 (1964) enacted the moral sense of the community into the law of commercial transactions. Jones v. Star Credit Corp., 298 N.Y.S.2d 1 (Sup. Ct. 1969) There was no fraud involved in this case. Jones v. Star Credit Corp., 298 N.Y.S.2d 1 (Sup. Ct. 1969) [HN6] U.C.C.  § 2-302 explains that the meaningfulness of choice essentials to the making of a contract can be negated by a gross inequality of bargaining power. Jones v. Star Credit Corp., 298 N .Y.S.2d 1 (Sup. Ct. 1969) Since the salesman was aware of the plaintiff’s limited financial funds, and coerced them into signing the agreement, then that agreement is deemed unconscionable under this law. Jones v. Star Credit Corp., 298 N.Y.S.2d 1 (Sup. Ct. 1969) ANALYSIS 1. Jones v. Star Credit Corp. Standard of Unconscionability Plaintiffs Clifton Jones and his wife, both welfare recipients, purchased a $900.00 home freezer unit, with a maximum retail value of $300.00, for a total of $1,234.80. Jones v. Star Credit Corp., 298 N.Y.S.2d 1 (Sup. Ct. 1969) Their income is grossly unequal to the salesman. Jones v. Star Credit Corp., 298 N.Y.S.2d 1 (Sup. Ct. 1969) The total price of the home freezer unit included the credit charges, credit life insurance, credit property insurance, and  sales tax. Id. Their first payment towards this unit was $619.88. Jones v. Star Credit Corp., 298 N.Y.S.2d 1 (Sup. Ct. 1969) Star Credit Corp, the Defendant, claims that with the various added credit charges paid for an extension of time the Jones still owes a balance of $819.81 Jones v. Star Credit Corp., 298 N.Y.S.2d 1 (Sup. Ct. 1969) The credit charges alone exceed more than $100.00 the retail value of the unit. Jones v. Star Credit Corp., 298 N.Y.S.2d 1 (Sup. Ct. 196 9) Plaintiff argues that the sales agreement was unconscionable according to the Uniform Commercial Code, U.C.C.  §2-302 (1964), which is intended to encompass the price term of an agreement. Jones v. Star Credit Corp., 298 N.Y.S.2d 1 (Sup. Ct. 1969) As welfare recipients, the Plaintiff(s) has/have limited finances; therefore the Defendant was able to take advantage of [them]. Jones v. Star Credit Corp., 298 N.Y.S.2d 1 (Sup. Ct. 1969). This was taken into consideration, also whether or not an exploitive and callous act had taken place. Id. â€Å"The very limited financial resources of the purchaser, known to the sellers at the time of the sale, is entitled to weight in the balance. Indeed, the value disparity itself leads inevitably to the felt conclusion that knowing advantage was taken of the plaintiffs.† Jones v. Star Credit Corp., 298 N.Y.S.2d 1 (Sup. Ct. 1969). The court ruled in the Plaintiffs favor, declaring that the defendant has been amply compensated by the $600.00+ already paid. Jones v. Star Credit Corp., 298 N.Y.S.2d 1 (Sup. Ct. 1969) The court believes that the sale of a freezer unit having a retail value of $300.00 being sold for $900.00, not including credit charges and $18.00 sales tax is unconscionable as a matter of law. Jones v. Star Credit Corp., 298 N.Y.S.2d 1 (Sup. Ct. 1969) a. Derby v. Derby, 378 S.E. 2d 74 (Va. Ct. App. 1989) Sandra A Derby was seeking a divorce from her husband, George E. Derby, of 22 years. Derby v. Derby, 378 S.E. 2d 74 (Va. Ct. App. 1989) Husband filed a cross-bill on claims of his wife’s adultery, and persuasion to sign a property settlement agreement without consultation with counsel. Derby v. Derby, 378 S.E. 2d 74 (Va. Ct. App. 1989) The husband claimed he was coerced into signing the papers with a false pretense of his wife’s eventual return to the family home. Derby v. Derby, 378 S.E. 2d 74 (Va. Ct. App. 1989) In this case, Sandra A. Derby had been married to George E. Derby, Jr. for 22 years before seeking a divorce alleging cruelty. Derby v. Derby, 378 S.E. 2d  74 (Va. Ct. App. 1989) The wife managed to persuade her husband to amend their property settlement agreement, allowing her to receive the entire value of essentially all of the valuable real estate that they owned. Derby v. Derby, 378 S.E. 2d 74 (Va. Ct. App. 1989) This took place in a parking lot with no consultation or counselor present. Derby v. Derby, 378 S.E. 2d 74 (Va. Ct. App. 1989) The husband explained that he signed the agreement because he thought if he did, his wife would return to the home. Derby v. Derby, 378 S.E. 2d 74 (Va. Ct. App. 1989) Evidence of his wife’s adultery was presented at trial and the husband was granted a divorce on that ground by the trial court. Derby v. Derby, 378 S.E. 2d 74 (Va. Ct. App. 1989) The trial court also held that the separation agreement was invalid due to terms of unconscionability and constructive fraud or duress. Derby v. Derby, 378 S.E. 2d 74 (Va. Ct. App. 1989) The courts applied this rule because a contract can be deemed unconscionable if â€Å"oppressive influences affected the agreement to the extent that the process was unfair and the terms of the resultant agreement unconscionable.† Derby v. Derby, 378 S.E. 2d 74 (Va. Ct. App. 1989) Also, the separation agreement can be held as invalid because â€Å"marriage and divorce create a relationship which is particularly susceptible to overreaching and oppression.† Derby v. Derby, 378 S.E. 2d 74 (Va. Ct. App. 1989) This case applied to Jones v. Star Credit Corp. b ecause the plaintiff was taken advantage of by the defendant. Derby v. Derby, 378 S.E. 2d 74 (Va. Ct. App. 1989) The wife had knowledge of inflicted emotional distress on her husband when she coerced him to sign the agreement. Derby v. Derby, 378 S.E. 2d 74 (Va. Ct. App. 1989) The trial judge held, and the evidence supports that finding, that Mrs. Derby, â€Å"played upon the weakness of her husband and his desire to reconcile† to exact Mr. Derby. Derby v. Derby, 378 S.E. 2d 74 (Va. Ct. App. 1989) The Virginia court affirmed the order granting the divorce and invalidating the separation agreement. Derby v. Derby, 378 S.E. 2d 74 (Va. Ct. App. 1989)The court affirmed the order for divorce on grounds of adultery, also holding that the separation agreement was unconscionable due to credible evidence. Derby v. Derby, 378 S.E. 2d 74 (Va. Ct. App. 1989) b. Friendly Ice Cream Corp. v. Beckner, 597 S.E. 2d 34 (Va. 2004) In this case, Beckner and her husband entered into a commercial lease with Friendly Ice Cream Incorporation commencing in 1976 with an original term limit of 15 years. Friendly Ice Cream Corp. v.  Beckner, 597 S.E. 2d 34 (Va. 2004) Lease required annual payment of 2% of the store’s g ross earnings above $275,000. Friendly Ice Cream Corp. v. Beckner, 597 S.E. 2d 34 (Va. 2004) In 2002, Mrs. Beckner signed agreement to redevelop the property. Friendly Ice Cream Corp. v. Beckner, 597 S.E. 2d 34 (Va. 2004) Shortly after, Beckner’s son indicated concern for his mother’s actions, thus requesting the documents be considered invalid and withdrawn for further consideration. Friendly Ice Cream Corp. v. Beckner, 597 S.E. 2d 34 (Va. 2004) This is considered establishing a prima facie case of undue influence. Friendly Ice Cream Corp. v. Beckner, 597 S.E. 2d 34 (Va. 2004) If the party seeking rescission of the deed or contract produces clear and convincing evidence of great weakness of mind and grossly inadequate consideration or suspicious circumstances, and absent sufficient rebuttal evidence, is entitled to rescission of the document. Friendly Ice Cream Corp. v. Beckner, 597 S.E. 2d 34 (Va. 2004) The trial court found that Beckner suffered from â€Å"great weakness of mind† and the consideration was grossly inadequate and the transaction had taken place under suspicious circumstances; however court found no support of a grossly inadequate compensation. Friendly Ice Cream Corp. v. Beckner, 597 S.E. 2d 34 (Va. 2004) The Virginia court found, on the contrary, that the lesser, Beckner, was a business woman. Friendly Ice Cream Corp. v. Beckner, 597 S.E. 2d 34 (Va. 2004) On March 22, 2002, Ms. Beckner filed a bill of complaint against Friendly and FriendCo. Friendly Ice Cream Corp. v. Beckner, 597 S.E. 2d 34 (Va. 2004) The chancellor entered into judgment, ruling in Ms. Beckner’s favor on Count II of her Bill of Complaint-grossly inadequate consideration. Friendly Ice Cream Corp. v. Beckner, 597 S.E. 2d 34 (Va. 2004) The court reversed the trial court’s decree rescinding the amendment to the lease and requiring repayment of funds by Mrs. Beckner. Friendly Ice Cream Corp. v. Beckner, 597 S.E. 2d 34 (Va. 2004) Galloway v. Galloway, 622 S.E. 2d 267 (Va. Ct. App. 2005) Diana Ruth Galloway, former spouse, appeared before the court seeking review of the Mathews County Circuit Court’s ruling reversing the trial court’s ruling that the property settlement agreement between wife and former husband was unconscionable under Va. Code Ann.  §20-151. Galloway v. Galloway, 622 S.E. 2d 267 (Va. Ct. App. 2005) Wife failed to prove any  overreaching by the husband, even if she had been able to prove a gross disparity in the division of assets. Galloway v. Galloway, 622 S.E. 2d 267 (Va. Ct. App. 2005) Also there was no clear and convincing evidence of overreaching or oppressive behavior by the husband. Galloway v. Galloway, 622 S.E. 2d 267 (Va. Ct. App. 2005) The parties were married on June 1, 1984, and separated on October 1, 2001. Galloway v. Galloway, 622 S.E. 2d 267 (Va. Ct. App. 2005) They had neither born nor adopted children into this marriage. Galloway v. Galloway, 622 S.E. 2d 267 (Va. Ct. App. 2005) After their separation in 2001, husband brought the property settlement agreement to wife’s apartment where the wife read it and proposed no changes. Galloway v. Galloway, 622 S.E. 2d 267 (Va. Ct. App. 2005) The agreement was executed on September 29, 2001. Galloway v. Galloway, 622 S.E. 2d 267 (Va. Ct. App. 2005) The commissioner found the agreement to be unconscionable, because there was a â€Å"gross disparity† that existed between the value of the property each party would receive. Galloway v. Galloway, 622 S.E. 2d 267 (Va. Ct. App. 2005) The trial court sustained husband’s objection to the commissioner’s finding of unconscionability. Galloway v. Galloway, 622 S.E. 2d 267 (Va. Ct. App. 2005) This case relates to Jones v. Star Credit Corp in the similarity of monetary value. The freezer was worth a lot less than was priced; the Jones were unaware of the actual value of the unit. Similarly, in thi s case, the value of the property was not made known to the wife. Chaplain v. Chaplain, 682 S.E. 2d 108 (Va. App. 2009) Appellant wife, Rabha Chaplain, â€Å"challenged the order of the Circuit Court of the city of Virginia Beach (Virginia), which granted appellee husband’s motion to strike the wife’s evidence and found that the parties’ premarital agreement was not unconscionable on its face and was enforceable.† Chaplain v. Chaplain, 682 S.E. 2d 108 (Va. App. 2009) The wife had no source of income and was also foreign, having limited knowledge of English, therefore not allowing her to read or understand the agreement. Chaplain v. Chaplain, 682 S.E. 2d 108 (Va. App. 2009) She claimed that her husband had also failed to sit down and explain the terms of the agreement to her before it was executed. Chaplain v. Chaplain, 682 S.E. 2d 108 (Va. App. 2009) The wife’s native language was Arabic, having lived in Morocco until the summer of 1996. Chaplain v. Chaplain, 682 S.E. 2d 108 (Va. App. 2009) Six months after  coming to the United States to visit her brother, she met her husband. Chaplain v. Chaplain, 682 S.E. 2d 108 (Va. App. 2009) They were married on September 4, 1997. Chaplain v. Chaplain, 682 S.E. 2d 108 (Va. App. 2009) She spoke limited English and relied on a translator. Chaplain v. Chaplain, 682 S.E. 2d 108 (Va. App. 2009) Husband testified that she could read the English menu in a Chinese restaurant. Chaplain v. Chaplain, 682 S.E. 2d 108 (Va. App. 2009) Within two months of meeting, parties became engaged. Chaplain v. Chaplain, 682 S.E. 2d 108 (Va. App. 2009) The wife signed a premarital agreement â€Å"because she trusted her husband.† Chaplain v. Chaplain, 682 S.E. 2d 108 (Va. App. 2009) She had no knowledge of what the agreement held, or that it was a premarital agreement. Chaplain v. Chaplain, 682 S.E. 2d 108 (Va. App. 2009) She thought it was just â€Å"a paper for marriage†¦like [a] license or something.† Chaplain v. Chaplain, 682 S.E. 2d 108 (Va. App. 2009) This case also relates to Jones v. Star Credit Corp because the husband failed to disclose a [his] net worth to his wife prior to the execution of the agreement. He declared to his wife that he was a â€Å"poor man† and â€Å"didn’t have the money much.† Chaplain v. Chaplain, 682 S.E. 2d 108 (Va. App. 2009) Jessee v. Smith 278 S.E. 2d 793 (Va. 1981) Jessee, Plaintiff, sued store owner, Smith, seeking $2673.26 for labor pursuant to an oral contract for interior finishing work. Jessee v. Smith 278 S.E. 2d 793 (Va. 1981) The parties are disputing the method of determining the labor charge, there being evidence that the plaintiff’s oral contract aligned with the trade custom. Jessee v. Smith 278 S.E. 2d 793 (Va. 1981) The trial court held that there had been no meeting of the minds concerning the labor price and the price demanded by plaintiff was â€Å"exorbitant† and contrary to public policy. Jessee v. Smith 278 S.E. 2d 793 (Va. 1981) The Defendant, Jesse, a carpenter, testified that he was asked by Smith and by Brenda Garrett, manager of Smith’s store in Norton, if he would finish the work on the interior of the store for a price of â€Å"cost plus ten percent.† Jessee v. Smith 278 S.E. 2d 793 (Va. 1981) He declined and presented a† cost plus twenty-five percent†, explaining he would have to pay for the materials. Jessee v. Smith 278 S.E. 2d 793 (Va. 1981) Garrett called Smith at home and told him to â€Å"go ahead and start on Monday.† Jessee v. Smith 278 S.E. 2d 793 (Va. 1981) Smith refused to pay when Jessee presented  Smith with a labor bill of $2,673.26, representing 125% of the cost of the materials. Jessee v. Smith 278 S.E. 2d 793 (Va. 1981) Smith contended there had been a misunderstanding concerning the labor charge. Jessee v. Smith 278 S.E. 2d 793 (Va. 1981) The trial court moved to strike down the evidence of the oral contract. Jessee v. Smith 278 S.E. 2d 793 (Va. 1981) It also ruled the contract unenforceable on the ground of public policy. Jessee v. Smith 278 S.E. 2d 793 (Va. 1981) The judge had reasoned the labor charge was â€Å"exorbitant.† Jessee v. Smith 278 S.E. 2d 793 (Va. 1981) The courts reversed the trial court’s judgment, which dismissed the carpenter’s action against the store owner to recover under an oral contract, because they failed to submit the contract question to the jury. Jessee v. Smith 278 S.E. 2d 793 (Va. 1981) The case was remanded for a new trial, if the parties were advised to do so. Jessee v. Smith 278 S.E. 2d 793 (Va. 1981) This case is similar to Jones v. Star Credit Corp. because monetary value was an issue of controversy. The monetary value of this job was not made clear or explained properly to the Plaintiff beforehand. Conclusion Because the salesman was dishonest in his dealing with Jones, and did not reveal the actual price value of the home freezer unit, the courts will find the contract unconscionable based on previous rulings of similar cases. Jones v. Star Credit Corp., 298 N.Y.S.2d 1 (Sup. Ct. 1969) The Virginia court will apply the same standard as set forth in Jones, and will not apply any other standard. In each of these cases, people were misled into or coerced into signing a contract, when they were unsure of the terms and conditions, and were without counsel, causing the defendant to feel as if they had the upper right hand in the matter. In each case the plaintiff was left unknowing the actual monetary value of the issue, the defendant failed to reveal it. A contract is considered unconscionable when the defendant does not take the proper steps to ensure that the plaintiff is made fully aware and understands what is involved in the contract, and also the exact monetary value in the contract. So in answer to the presented question, yes, the Virginia courts are highly likely to follow the unconscionability doctrine that has been set out and applied in the Jones v. Star Credit Corp. case.

10 Blog Post Templates For Marketers to Create the Best Content

10 Blog Post Templates For Marketers to Create the Best Content As a marketer, you have a lot to do. Promotions to manage. Campaigns to plan. In other words, you have no time to write fantastic blog posts. Sure, you do your best to â€Å"create great content† (because that’s what you been told to do). But, you’re not happy with the results. Meanwhile, your competition’s blog is crushing it. â€Å"How can I be like them,† you ask. Reading this post is a good start. We’ve put together ten different blog post templates that cover every step in the content creation process. Plus, we’ll walk through how to use each one. By the time you’re done, you’ll know exactly how to write effective blog posts, without spending nearly as much time. The days of staring at a blank cursor are over. DID YOU KNOW: You can plan, publish, and promote all your WordPress blog posts on one marketing calendar with ? See how it works. Get 10 Free Blog Post Templates and Create Great Content Now This awesome bundle includes all ten templates well show you in this post. From developing personas, to craftingf outlines, to actually writing the posts themselves, youll get everything you need to succeed. Grab ‘em now. Then, read the post to learn how to use them. Jump to Template: Blog Audience Persona Template Blog Keyword Research Template Blog Title Template Blog Post Outline Template Blog Post Template Blog Call-to-Action Template Content Editing Checklist Blog Post SEO Checklist Blog Post Promotion Template Blog Post Analysis Template10 Simple Blog Post Templates to Create the Best Content Step One: Use Your Blog Audience Persona Template  To Identify Your Target Audience First, determine who your audience is. By knowing exactly who you are writing for you can tailor your content to fit their needs. How do you build an audience persona for your brand's blog? First, read this post on finding your target audience. Then, pull out your blog post audience persona template and outline the biography of your blog reader. This should include where they work and what types of companies they work for. Include details like, what their title is (manager, strategist, etc.) and specific company types like (Fortune 500, startup, etc.)   In the end, it should look something like: The next part of your template is filling in the demographic information for your audience persona including age, gender, income, level of education and location type. Next, you’ll focus on their hobbies and interests as well as the challenges and goals they face. Hobbies and interests will play an essential role in identifying who reads your blog as it can help you relate your content back to them. Challenges that your target audience faces can help you identify what sorts of topics to cover. Defining the goals of your audience can help you create content that shows your readers how to reach them. The next part of your persona template is writing a personal summary of how your target audience would describe themselves. You should also add what your audience expects from reading your blog as well as concerns that may prevent your target audience from reading your blog posts. The last part of your template should include other blogs and news sources that your target audience reads. You can also include customer quotes to finish off your persona. Build an audience persona with this free template (plus get nine more templates for creating... Step Two: Use Your Keyword Research Template to Organize Blog Post Keywords If you’ve written blog posts before you know how important it is to have a keyword that has a high search volume and low competition. Not only that you need to make sure that the keywords you use are terms that your target audience is searching for. Keywords are broken into two sections for every blog post that you write. One is your main keyword. Your entire blog post is centered around this keyword. The second set of keywords are LSI or latent semantic indexing terms. These keywords relate back to or are variations on your main keyword. To find keywords around the subjects, you want to write about turn to a tool like Moz  or Ahrefs. Type in the subject you may want your blog post to cover: This example shows Moz's Keyword Explorer tool. Ahrefs (another popular option, and one of our favorites at ), features a similar tool. Record the main keyword in your template: The next part you need to record is search volume. This tells you how often your keyword is searched per month. For the keyword social media calendar it’s searched about 201-500 times per month: Difficulty refers to how hard it will be for your blog post to rank for a specific keyword. For our example, the difficulty score for ranking on this particular topic is 65: Include an arrow that points to difficulty and says score out of 100. The next part of your keyword research involves finding your additional LSI terms or other keywords that you would want your blog post to rank for: Include an arrow that points to monthly volume that has text that says: Add in LSI terms that have a high search volume like your parent keyword. Record any additional LSI keywords in your template: The next part of your keyword research is going to be reading the top ten posts that are currently ranking on the keyword topic that you are going to write about. Look for what your audience wants to learn. What is their intent behind a search for that particular keyword? For the social media calendar example, the search intent behind that post is to build out a social media calendar to help marketers stay organized. Templates, as you can see, are a plus: Record the intent in your spreadsheet: The last part of your template will involve identifying if the content is new if you are optimizing a post you have already written and what type of content it is: Repeat this process for every blog post you intend to publish. Keep these tips in mind for every keyword you look for: Make keyword research easy with this free template (plus get nine more templates for creating... Step Three: Record Your Headlines In Your Blog Title Performance Tracking Template Now you have your keywords and your audience in mind. The next step is creating a remarkable headline that grabs the attention of your audience. Headlines are what attract your audience and encourage them to click. They are your opening act. Without a strong opening, your audience won’t continue to read. According to our research,   we have found that headlines do well if they: Incorporate keywords. Use â€Å"How to† formatting. Use numbers or statistics. They are about 55 characters long. Have a strong positive sentiment. Use our  Headline Analyzer  to create better headlines instead of guessing at what might work: In your Blog Title Performance Tracking template, write two different headlines and record the scores, sentiment, headline type, and length in words and characters. Aim for a headline score of at least 70 for each headline you write. After you’ve composed two, choose which one fits your blog post best. Step Four: Use Your Blog Post Outline Template To Format Your Thoughts I can speak from personal experience when I say the best bet you have to create a great blog post quickly is to write an outline. Outlines allow you to format your thoughts and give you (or your writers) a concise direction to take the post in. We’ve made it even easier to format your outline with our blog post outline template. To start, identify what's in it for your audience. We call this the WIIFM (or What's In It For Me section, which is exactly what your audience will be asking themselves before they read your post). This should identify the exact benefit your audience will take away from reading your content: Next, decide what format your blog post will take. Some common options are: List posts. How-to posts. Infographic posts. Story posts. Example posts. Once you choose a post format, identify why your post should be in a particular format: Next, you’ll tackle your introduction. This should be formatted into three different parts: The problem your audience is experiencing. The three things that your reader will learn when they read your post. How what they will learn will help solve their problem. Your introduction acts as your opening argument. There’s a ton of content out there on the web; you need to convince your target audience that your blog post is the one to read. Then comes your body copy outline. These should be overhead thoughts, not necessarily entirely fleshed out paragraphs of text. Just write down the idea you want to bring across. This can be done through something as simple as writing your H2 and H3 headers: Once you have the body of your post figured out you can move on to creating the Call-to-Action text that will be in your blog post. First, determine what you want your CTA to say. It should be between eight to ten words like your headlines. This should give your audience explicit direction for the action you want them to take after they read your post. There’s also space in your outline to add in any sources, data or research that you need to back up the advice in your post: The last part of your outline is your conclusion. Here is where you’ll summarize the main points of your post and add in your CTA: Craft better blog post outlines with this free template (and nine more to create awesome content). Step Five: Use Your Blog Post Template To Write Your Content The next part of your blog writing process is going to be crafting your post. This is usually the most time-consuming process, but now that you have your outline and your angle it will be much faster. Your blog post content template will be able to help you as well. Did you know? You can write your entire blog post in using our built-in text editor. First, add your headline: Then add your title tag. Title tags should be under 70 characters to properly show up in a Google search. Next is your meta description. Meta descriptions are the short descriptive text that appears under your title in a google search. Your description should be under 156 characters to display correctly. Now you can start writing the meat of your blog post content. First up is your introduction. Remember to keep it short, cover all the points that are in your outline and don’t bury the lead for your audience. Next is body content of your blog post. This section needs a separate subheader. If you need additional sub-points underneath, label them with an additional subhead. Each section of the body of your blog post should be between three and five paragraphs long, with no more than three sentences to a paragraph. This helps keep your blog post easy to skim. Repeat this process for each section of your post. After you’ve crafted the body of your blog post, add in your conclusion and CTA. Your conclusion should wrap up the main takeaways from your post while your CTA should entice your reader to take action.

New York Passes a Married Womens Property Act, 1848

New York Passes a Married Womens Property Act, 1848 Enacted: April 7, 1848 Before married womens property acts were passed, upon marriage a woman lost any right to control property that was hers prior to the marriage, nor did she have rights to acquire any property during marriage. A married woman could not make contracts, keep or control her own wages or any rents, transfer property, sell property or bring any lawsuit. For many womens rights advocates, womens property law reform was connected to suffrage demands, but there were supporters of womens property rights who did not support women gaining the vote. Married womens property law was related to the legal doctrine of separate use: under marriage, when a wife lost her legal existence, she could not separately use property, and her husband controlled the property.   Although married womens property acts, like that of New York in 1848, did not remove all the legal impediments to a married womans separate existence, these laws did make it possible for a married woman to have separate use of property she brought into marriage and property she acquired or inherited during marriage. The New York effort to reform womens property laws began in 1836 when  Ernestine  Rose  and Paulina Wright Davis began to gather signatures on petitions. In 1837, Thomas Herttell, a New York city judge, attempted to pass in the New York Assembly a bill to give married women more property rights. Elizabeth Cady Stanton  in 1843 lobbied legislators to pass a bill. A state constitutional convention in 1846 passed a reform of womens property rights, but three days after voting for it, the delegates to the conventions reversed their position. Many men supported the law because it would protect mens property from creditors. The issue of women owning property was linked, for many activists, with the legal status of women where women were treated as the property of their husbands.   When the authors of the  History of Woman Suffrage  summarized the New York battle for the 1848 statue, they described the effect as to emancipate wives from the slavery of the old common law of England, and to secure to them equal property rights. Before 1848, a few laws were passed in some states in the U.S. giving women some limited property rights, but the 1848 law was more comprehensive. It was amended to include even more rights in 1860; later, married womens rights to control property were extended still more. The first section gave a married woman control over real property (real estate, for instance) she brought into the marriage, including the right to rents and other profits from that property.   The husband had, before this act, the ability to dispose of the property or use it or its income to pay for his debts.   Under the new law, he was not able to do that, and she would continue her rights as if she had not married. The second  section dealt with the personal property of married women, and any real property other than she brought in during marriage.   These too, were under her control, although unlike real property she brought into the marriage, it could be taken to pay debts of her husband. The third section dealt with gifts and inheritances given to a married woman by anyone other than her husband.   Like property she brought into the marriage, this also was to be under her sole control, and like that property but unlike other property acquired during marriage, it could not be required to settle her husbands debts. Note that these acts didnt completely free a married woman from economic control of her husband, but it did remove major blocks to her own economic choices. The text of the 1848 New York Statute known as the Married Womens Property Act, as amended in 1849, reads in full: An act for the more effectual protection of the property of married women: §1. The real property of any female who may hereafter marry, and which she shall own at the time of marriage, and the rents, issues, and profits thereof, shall not be subject to the sole disposal of her husband, nor be liable for his debts, and shall continue her sole and separate property, as if she were a single female. §2. The real and personal property, and the rents, issues, and profits thereof, of any female now married, shall not be subject to the disposal of her husband; but shall be her sole and separate property, as if she were a single female, except so far as the same may be liable for the debts of her husband heretofore contracted. §3. Any married female may take by inheritance, or by gift, grant, devise, or bequest, from any person other than her husband, and hold to her sole and separate use, and convey and devise real and personal property, and any interest or estate therein, and the rent s, issues, and profits thereof, in the same manner and with like effect as if she were unmarried, and the same shall not be subject to the disposal of her husband nor be liable for his debts. After the passage of this (and similar laws elsewhere), traditional law continued to expect a husband to support his wife during the marriage, and to support their children.   Basic necessaries the husband was expected to provide included food, clothing, education, housing, and health care.   The husbands duty to provide necessaries no longer applies, evolving because of an expectation of equality of the sexes.

Business Process Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business Process Analysis - Essay Example of undertakings under operation management may include acknowledgement of stakeholders’ interests, sustainable organizational development, among others. The goods firms are some how different while being compared to the services companies with operations management in focus. Some of the attributes to consider for an operations management in a services firm are; information distribution, transformation of information, financial functions, transportation and movement of people and goods, and experience generation. (Nankervis, 2005) This study is going to analyze the Southwest Airlines’ four processes that are linked to the daily operations and performance determination. To this, this question is to be answered in a comprehensive approach,† Which four processes can be identified in SWA (Southwest Airlines) and that are utilized to determine its daily business performance?† Several functions are going to be analyzed and which are unique to SWA. One of the main processes is the supplier information function, which according to SWA is highly dedicated to ensure quality services to customers alongside a company spirit. The company is also committed to ensure that employees are provided with a stable environment of work. The section strives to make air fares stand at their lowest levels. Therefore, the company seeks to all suppliers to quote lower prices so as to ensure that the costs are low enough to keep their commitments. Secondly, at SWA there’s the customers service commitment. The company ensures highest quality of customer service under this section. SWA is committed toward delivery of flights at a frequent rate. The organization in its entirety empowers every of its employees to make decisions so as to ensure high quality of customer service is enhanced. (SWA, 2009) Also the Airlines is committed towards ensuring that there is total safety when it comes to employees and customers. The company has a strong culture of maintaining safety as regards

Declaration of Independence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Declaration of Independence - Essay Example There is no big difference between the initial Declaration and the final version. Most of the wording was retained as it was in the initial document. Very minimal alterations were made on the document. In comparing Jefferson’s initial Declaration with the final version, it can be noted that most of the alterations made were on the wording in the document. This was more for the purpose of clarity than for alteration of meaning of the words in the Declaration. Of the draft presented to Congress, only two passages were rejected directly by Congress. One of the passages referred to the English people in an inappropriate manner which did not go down well with congress since even the Americans were of British roots. The other passage which denounced slavery and slave trade did not please Congress as many members owned slaves and were not willing to set them free. The alterations of the wording in the document was to give the document a more personalized feel as will be explained by the following examples. Some of the alterations for example at the start of the Declaration where the article â€Å"of† is changed to â€Å"by†, was intended to bring out the aspect of personalization. The alteration of the words â€Å"sacred & undeniable† to read â€Å"self evident† may have been done to avoid the statement a religious feel. Some alterations were made for grammatical purposes to avoid unintended meanings from statements. This is evident in the second paragraph where the article â€Å"in† was deleted before the word â€Å"rights†. It is clear from this example that inclusion of the article would have given the statement a different meaning that was not intended by the drafters of the declaration. Other alterations may have been made to correct human error as in the case where Jefferson deletes the words â€Å"he has dissolved† from the beginning of a line he was writing. It is clear that this was because he was repeating the previous line and on

Catwalk Versus Visual Fashion Shows Dissertation

Catwalk Versus Visual Fashion Shows - Dissertation Example The paper "Catwalk Versus Visual Fashion Shows" discovers Young Designers Preference and fashion shows. The research is done by considering choices of young fashion designers from UK and Korea. In the introductory portion, the content, aims and objectives of this study and limitations faced while conducting the research work are clearly stated. Literature review comes next where all aspects related to visual fashion shows are dealt in details including current trends, influencing factors, recent shows, etc. Next is methodology, where the procedure, which was followed while doing this research work, is outlined. Research approaches, philosophies, data collection process, sampling etc, with every details are depicted in this section. Several people were interviewed. Continue with ‘findings’, summarizes the answers given by the respondents. Carry on with ‘discussion’, the answers of the respondents were interpreted, analyzed and compared. The views that came up through their answers were related with trends, practices and concepts referred to in ‘findings’. In the final section, a brief conclusion is provided to the whole study from point of view of the researcher. Along with a justification is also provided for young designer’s preference for visual fashion shows over live catwalk shows. Visual fashion shows are gradually taking over live fashion shows in recent times. Unlike the traditional fashion shows where the model catwalks down the ramp, visual fashion shows present digitalized images.... Unlike the traditional fashion shows where the model catwalks down the ramp, visual fashion shows present digitalized images of the same but, projected on a screen. Thus, on one hand the people fail to perceive the liveliness, but on the other hand designers could easily showcase their creations. For this reason, one could find an increasing popularity of visual fashion shows among designers, especially among the young the young fashion designers. Content In the present times, the fashion world is experiencing a new type of fashion show- the visual fashion show, which involves digitalized images of models decked up in fashion items. Contrary to conventional catwalk shows, visual fashion shows saves time, energy, organization, and are flexible in nature. At the same time, the visual fashion shows are also cost effective and interactive. This is the reason why many young designers in present are choosing visual fashion shows over the traditional ones (Menkes, 2010). Aims This study aim s at finding out whether the young fashion designers from UK and Korea prefer live catwalks on ramps or visual fashion shows. Objectives 1. To find out the choice and preferences of young designers from UK and Korea. 2. To explore what factors have affected their choice. 3. To examine relevance and effectiveness of visual fashion shows in contemporary fashion industry. 4. To analyze success of visual fashion shows in terms of marketing, promotion and popularity. Methodology For this paper, both primary and secondary sources will be used data collected by interviewing some people as well as those collected from books, journals, and reviews and articles from fashion magazines will be interpreted and analyzed. Findings It was found out that the new concept of

The Potassium Atom Philosophy Essay

The Potassium Atom Philosophy Essay The Potassium atom is a member of the group one family of alkali metals. Due to the fact that group one metals have only one electron in their outer shell, means that potassium is an extremely reactive and electropositive element. A gentleman named Sir Humphrey Davy was the first to isolate this element in the year 1807 through the electrolysis of immensely dry molten caustic potash, otherwise known as Potassium Hydroxide (KOH). Its named after the the old Dutch word potaschen meaning potash. Its symbol on the periodic table is the letter K which stands for the Latin word kalium also meaning pot ash. When calculating the electron number of Potassium, we can refer to its atomic number on the periodic table as shown in the following diagram: http://exchangedownloads.smarttech.com/public/content/e4/e4296d16-d0f9-4787-bb8a-0695e616c828/previews/small/0001.png Atomic number Graphic taken from exchange.smarttech.com The atomic number will always display the figure of positively charged protons in an atom. The number of protons within the nucleus of an atom will always attract an equal number of negatively charged electrons. Potassium has an atomic number of 19 which means it has 19 protons that are attracting 19 negatively charged electrons in its neutral state. Strontium ion The Strontium atom which has lost 2 electrons is known as a Strontium ion. Strontium is a member of the group 2 alkaline earth metals. Having only two electrons in its outer shell, Strontium is highly reactive like all other group 2 metals. This element was discovered in Scotland by a gentleman named Adair Crawford in the year 1790 as the mineral strontianite. It was given its name after the Scottish village Strontian in which it was found in. However, in the year 1808, Sir Humphrey Davy was first to isolate Strontium on its own through the process of electrolysis. This comprised a mixture of mercuric oxide (HgO) and strontium chloride (SrCl2). When calculating the electron number of the Strontium ion, we can refer to the atomic number of the Strontium atom as shown on the periodic table. Atomic numberhttp://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTh8Q_XgZHS23iyIAsk1w9tJ-oRnslYnF6uVBLk2hNksebU7BKY Graphic taken from www.glogster.comglogster.com glogster.com We can see from the diagram above that the atomic number of Strontium is 38. This represents 38 positively charged protons in the nucleus that are attracting 38 negatively charged electrons in its neutral state. Strontium has 2 valence electrons in its outermost shell. The Strontium ion has a 2+ charge (Sr2+) which means it has lost two of its valence electrons. It is much easier for Strontium to lose these 2 electrons in order to achieve a noble gas state than it would be for it to gain 6 electrons to get an octet configuration. By subtracting 2 electrons from the electron number of Strontium (38), we are now able to calculate the Strontium ion as having an electron number of 36. Francium atom The Francium atom was discovered in France by a lady named Marguerite Pere in the year 1939 who named the element after her country. The element is extremely radioactive and is a member of the Group 1 alkali metals, having only one valence electron in its outer shell. Francium (Fr) is a positively charged element and is willing to lose its outermost electron to achieve its noble gas state, otherwise known as a cation. Atomic numberhttps://www.store.acs.org/eweb/images/ACSStore/PT6498_thumb.jpg Graphic taken from www.store.acs.org By referring to the periodic table, one is able to see that a neutrally charged Francium atom (Fr) has an atomic number of 87. This means that it has 87 positively charged protons in the nucleus which will attract 87 negatively charged electrons. Bromide ion The Bromine atom which has gained an electron is known as a Bromine ion. It was discovered in France by a gentleman named Antoine J Balard in the year 1826. Bromine has a particularly unpleasant smell and was therefore named after the Greek word bromos meaning stench. It is a member of the group 17 family of Halogens which are incredibly reactive, non-metal elements. Bromine, including all other elements in this group, will borrow an electron to complete its octet configuration. Atomic number Atomic numberhttp://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcS8QR1k8J5qhYBNWA25hCmFuCcgoWd-FetYIcmXlaFV1J8v7qz6FCLyBA We can see from the diagram above that the atomic number of a neutrally charged Bromine atom is 35. This shows that there are 35 positively charged protons inside the nucleus which will therefore attract 35 negatively charged electrons. Bromine has 7 valence electrons in its outermost shell. This gives the Bromide ion a -1 charge (Br -1) because it has only needed to gain 1 valence electron to get an octet configuration. It is easier for Bromine to gain one electron in order to achieve a noble gas state than it would be for it to lose 7 electrons to achieve the same result. This is why Bromine is considered to be an anion. If we add the extra one electron gained by Bromine, to its electron number of 35, we will then have the electron number for the Bromide ion which will be 36. . The Mass Spectrometer is a device designed especially to separate ions via a mass to charge ratio. It deflects and detects ions and can record their intensities. A typical device is comprised of three main parts. These parts are the ion source, a mass analyser and a detector. Once the molecule within a sample has been broken down into a gaseous state, the atoms of the sample go through a further 4 main stages. These stages are called ionisation ( the production of positively charged ions), acceleration (positively charged ions accelerated by an electric field), deflection (positively charged ions are deflected in proportion to their mass/charge ratio) and finally the detection stage (positive ions of a particular mass/charge ratio are detected). 1.2 EXPLAIN THE MEANING OF ATOMIC ORBITAL, AND DESCRIBE THE DISTRIBUTION, SHAPES AND RELATIVE ENERGY OF ELECTRON ORBITALS WITHIN THE FIRST FOUR SHELLS. Explain what you understand by the term atomic orbital. Describe the distribution, shapes and relative energy of atomic orbitals found within the first four shells in terms of the s, p, d and f orbitals An atomic orbital refers to the region of space where there is a high probability of finding an electron. It describes the movement of a single electron or a pair of electrons within the atom. Each atom is comprised of its main electron shells (hydrogen having only one main electron shell). These shells are known as quantum levels and can be broken down into sub energy level shells. The sub energy level shells can then be broken down into orbitals. Each main quantum level (identified as the K, L, M, N shells), consists of one or more sub shells. The K quantum level has only one Sub shell (S sub shell). The L quantum level has two sub shells (S and P sub shells). The M quantum level has three sub shells (S, P and D sub shells) and the N quantum level has 4 subshells (S, P, D and F sub shells). Each electron has a negative charge which means that they repel one another. Due to this repulsion, energy from these electrons is then separated into different orbitals found around the nucleus. An atomic orbital can hold up to 2 electrons with opposing spins. The S sub shell has 1 orbital and can hold up to 2 electrons. The P sub shell has 3 orbitals and can hold up to 6 electrons. The D sub shell has 5 orbitals and can hold up to 10 electrons and the F sub shell has 7 orbitals, holding up to 14 electrons. Electrons can behave as a particle and as a wave and this makes it impossible to accurately determine a pathway for an electron orbital. Werner Heisenberg was a theoretical physicist who developed The Heisenberg uncertainty principle in 1927. The Uncertainty Principle was to describe the impossibility of knowing both the position of an electron and the velocity of an electron simultaneously. Louis de Broglie was a French physicist who thought that anything which had a mass will also behave like a wave. However, it didnt seem as though objects with mass such as basket balls and people, actually had any wave properties at all. This is because the wave property is inversely proportional to the mass, so an object with a very tiny mass like an electron will have a very significant wave property. In 1927 an Austrian physicist name Erwin Schrodinger defined what an electron was doing inside of an atom based on it being a wave and not as a particle. He formulated The Schrà ¶dinger equation (H Ã‚ ¹ = E Ã‚ ¹). The equation allowed one to obtain a set of mathematical equations known as wave functions ( Ã‚ ¹) and by knowing these wave functions; one could describe the probable location and velocity of an electron at a certain energy level within the atom. From the equation, four quantum numbers were derived. These numbers are used to pin point the probable location of an electron and describe the orbital it is occupying. It is rather like a postal code, even though it doesnt give its precise location, it does provide one with an electrons general location in space. The 4 quantum numbers correspond to the principle quantum level number (n) which can be any integer from 1-7, the subshell quantum number (l) which can be any integer from 0 to n-1, the orbital quantum number (ml) which has integral values between 1, 0, -1 and the electron spin quantum number (ms) which has two possible values of +1/2 and -1/2. By referring to these 4 numbers, one can predict the dista nce the electron is from the nucleus, the shape of the orbital, the position of the orbital and the spin of the electron. S orbital Graphic used from angelfire.com B C AThe diagram on the left displays the S orbital occupying the first 3 energy levels. Each main energy level has an S orbital. Diagram a is the 1s orbital. The number 1 informs us that the orbital is in the energy level closest to the nucleus. Diagram b is the 2s orbital. This orbital is in the second energy level. Diagram c is the 3s orbital and is in the third energy level. The s describes the orbitals shape, with all S orbitals having a spherically symmetric (non directional) shape around the nucleus. The 2s and 3s electrons have a higher energy than the 1s electrons. This means that the 2s and 3s electrons are on average, further away from the nucleus and this increases the size of the orbital making the 2s and 3s orbitals larger than the 1s orbital. The corresponding (l) value of the S orbital is 0 which means that the value of (ml) is also 0. http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTTNiJ4lHuR9TGSUhTt1dd1JKleilD3u2hiHKkrJZ7sTKQVPM3A1To8hEn8FA P orbital Graphic used from chemtube3d.com The P orbitals appear different to S orbitals and this is because they follow a certain direction, unlike the non-directional (spherical) S orbital. The P orbital appears on the second energy level also with the 2s orbital and can inhabit 6 electrons whilst the 2s orbital is only able to inhabit 2 electrons. There are three 2p orbitals which are all oriented perpendicular to one another. These orbitals are given the symbols px, py and pz to correspond to their position on the x, y, z axis. A P orbital consists of 2 lobes which can inhabit 2 electrons. However, once each P orbital has a single electron, then they will start to form pairs and fill each orbital with 2 electrons. As the energy levels increase, the P orbitals will get bigger in size (2p, 3p, 4p) which means that the space where the electron is likely to be found is a further distance away from the nucleus. The P orbital has an (l) value of 1 and an (ml) value of -1, 0, +1 because there are three possible orientations of t he orbital in 3d space.http://www.chemtube3d.com/images/porbitals.png D orbital Graphic used from angelfire.com http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTN3yvcX0Bp8llWJ80LaCj1mXYKffA_yQ_1UPwKpCEPLy38DAy92paVouDU Presented in the diagram on the left are five D orbitals on an x, y, z axis. The D orbitals (dyz, dxy, dz2, dxz, dx-y2) exist at the third energy level also with the 3s orbital and the 3px, 3py, 3pz orbitals. Each individual D orbital has a different orientation in 3 dimensional space and can inhibit up to 2 electrons, which is a total of 10 electrons between them. The surface of the D orbital and all of the space within it constitutes the space in which one is most likely to find the electron. The D orbital has an (l) value of 2 and as there are five different possible orientations of this orbital in 3d space, it has an (ml) value of -2, -1, 0, +1, +2. F orbitals Graphic used from angelfire.com There are seven F orbitals that exist on the fourth energy level as well as the 4s orbital, the 4px, 4py, 4pz orbitals and the 4dyz, 4dxy, 4dz2, 4dxz, 4dx-y2 orbitals. Each individual F orbital can hold up to 2 electrons which is a total of 14 electrons between them. If we were to plot the positions of the electron within the F orbital in all of the different locations it was found, we would start to form a 3 dimensional map of the places that the electron has travelled in. These 3 dimensional maps are described in the diagrams shown on the right hand side. Each of these shapes represent where the electron is most likely to be found 90% of the time. The F orbital has an (l) value of 3 and as http://www.angelfire.com/falcon2/dirgni/f.gif There are seven different possible orientations of this orbital in 3d space, It has an (ml) value of -3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, +3. 1.3 APPLY THE AUFBAU PRINCIPLE, HUNDS RULE AND PAULI PRINCIPLE TO THE WRITING OF THE FULL ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS FOR ANY ELEMENT WITH AN ATOMIC NUMBER BETWEEN 1 AND 36 Describe what you understand by the Aufbau Principle, Hunds Rule and Pauli Principle. In terms of the above, show the full electronic configuration of any element with an atomic number between 12 and 36 When it comes to filling electron energy diagrams, one has to obey three different rules. These rules are known as The Aufbau Principle, Hunds Rules and the Pauli Exclusion Principle. The Aufbau Principle explains that orbitals of lowest energy are filled first from the bottom and then upwards. Hands rule principle states that if we were to have multiple orbitals of the same energy, then one should place an orbital in each before they double up. The Pauli Principle states that no two electrons in an atom have the same four quantum numbers. All three rules are explained in further detail below. Aufbau Principle The Aufbau Principle was founded by two physicists named Neils Bohr and Wolfgang Pauli in the 1920s. The name originates from a German expression, meaning to build out. The principle describes the way electrons are added to an atom or a molecule and shows that orbitals of a lower energy are filled before orbitals of a higher energy. It shows us that an orbital can only inhibit 2 electrons at most with no two electrons having the same four quantum numbers within an atom. Pauli Exclusion Principle The Pauli Exclusion Principle was formulated by a Gentleman named Wolfgang Pauli in the year 1925. Fermions are any particles such as electrons, protons and neutrons which have an odd half spin. The Pauli Exclusion Principle explains that no two fermions can occupy the same quantum state. However, Bosons which are particles that have an integer spin (0,1,2,3..) and carry force, do not obey the Pauli Exclusion Principle. Test results described fermions as being repelled by the Pauli Exclusion Principle when the temperature dropped whilst Boson particles were not repelled. The Principle explains why electrons are kept increasingly further away from the nucleus when quantum states fill up, balanced by the attractive electric force between the electron and the positively charged nucleus. It has been discovered that some stars are held up by degenerate pressure which resulted from the Pauli Exclusion Principle. Hunds Rules The Hunds Rules were a set of formulated rules developed by a German Physicist named Friedrich Hund in 1927. The Hunds rule of maximum multiplicity explains the particular order that electrons fill subshells. The Rule says that the electron will inhibit orbitals of an equal energy level in order to create the largest multitude of orbitals having an electron within them. It clearly states that when one is to fill up a subshell, they should start by putting electrons in the individual orbitals of 2p (such as 2px then 2py, then 2pz) instead of filling each orbital up with two electrons before continuing on to the next orbital of the axis. Simply, the orbitals of a subshell must be occupied singly and with parallel spins before they occupy in pairs. The Hunds rule teaches that the greater the total spin state of the electron will result in making the atom a lot more stable, manifested most commonly in a lower energy state. This is due to the fact that it forces the unpaired electrons to inhibit in different spatial orbitals. Below is the a diagram showing the application of the three rules (Aufbau Principle, PEP, Hunds Rule) when building the electron configuration for Sulphur (S) in group 6 on the periodic table. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4http://img174.imageshack.us/img174/9436/electronicconfigurationvv8.jpg 3P 3S 2P Above is a diagram of the Bohr model of sulphur atom taken from mugging-chocobos.blogspot.com In the diagram above, we can see that all 3 rules have been applied. The Aufbau principle (building from the bottom upwards), the Pauli Exclusion Principle (2 electrons with opposing spin within each orbital) and the Hunds Rule (each individual electron will inhibit a spatial orbital separate from one another before pairing up in the same orbital). 1S 2S